SCI SINTERING 57 1 2025 10pdf
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  1. Science of Sintering, 57 (2025) 131-143________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________ *) Corresponding author:d.milojkov@itnms.ac.rs https://doi.org/10.2298/SOS240814033MUDK: 77.026.34; 622.02 Transforming Volcanic Rocks from Lichadonisia Island, Greece, into Advanced Luminescent Nanostructures for Potential Solar Concentrator Applications Dušan Milojkov1*), Miroslav Sokić1, Gvozden Jovanović1, Mladen Bugarčić1, Nikola Vuković1, Jovica Stojanović1, Dragosav Mutavdžić21Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral Raw Materials, Franchet d’Esperey 86, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia. 2Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia. Abstract: As the demand for environmentally sustainable materials rises, particularly in applications like luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) for urban environments, this study investigates the potential of volcanic rock-derived nanostructures from Lichadonisia Island, Greece. These nanostructures are designed to absorb sunlight and convert it to longer wavelengths efficiently. By grinding volcanic rocks and inducing nanostructure formation, followed by enrichment with FeO, enhanced luminescent properties were achieved. Comprehensive characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the crystalline nature of the volcanic rocks and the presence of FeO in an amorphous state. FTIR analysis revealed characteristic peaks of volcanic rocks and additional vibrations from FeO, as well as modifications of Si-O-Al vibrations. FESEM-EDS observations indicated plate-like nanoparticle structures with FeO nanoforms on modified surfaces. Luminescence properties, assessed via Photoluminescence Excitation-Emission (PLE-PL) spectroscopy, showed that while pure nanostructures exhibited luminescence at 470 nm, FeO-enriched nanostructures demonstrated enhanced intensity and an additional emission peak at approximately 425 nm. These findings suggest that volcanic rock-derived nanostructures, particularly when enriched with FeO, offer significant potential for use in eco-friendly LSCs. Keywords: Luminescent nanostructures; FeO; Volcanic rock; Lichadonisia Island; Luminescent solar concentrators. 1. Introduction Volcanic rocks are formed through the crystallization and solidification of magma or lava during volcanic eruptions, resulting in a diverse range of rock types characterized by their unique mineralogical and textural properties. These rocks, classified into categories such as basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite, vary widely depending on factors such as magma source, chemical composition, and cooling conditions [1]. The silicate minerals predominant in volcanic rocks, including quartz, feldspar, and various metal oxides, offer a promising foundation for developing advanced nanostructured materials with multiple applications [2].
  2. D. Milojkov et al.,/Science of Sintering, 57(2025)131-143___________________________________________________________________________132 Historically, volcanic rocks have been employed as secondary resources in various fields, including water treatment, where they serve as effective materials for antibacterial applications and the removal of heavy metals and pollutants [3]. Their luminescent properties have also been harnessed for geological dating, leveraging the natural luminescence of minerals like feldspar and quartz [4]. However, there has been limited exploration into the use of these luminescent properties for other innovative applications, particularly in the context of advanced technology. Recent research highlights the potential of volcanic rock-derived nanostructures for use in luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) [5, 6]. LSCs are an emerging alternative to traditional photovoltaic (PV) solar cells, particularly beneficial in urban environments due to their space efficiency, design flexibility, and aesthetic appeal. These concentrators utilize environmentally friendly materials, which align with the goal of reducing the ecological footprint of solar energy technologies [7]. The active materials in LSCs, which can include both inorganic substances such as quantum dots and phosphors, and organic dyes, are selected based on their optical properties, cost, stability, and compatibility with LSC designs [8]. One promising approach to enhancing the properties of volcanic rock nanostructures involves chemical modification, such as enrichment with iron oxide (FeO). Iron oxide has been shown to improve luminescent properties in biomedical applications [9] and enhance the absorption characteristics of silica nanoparticles [10]. By applying mechanical processing and surface modification techniques, volcanic rocks can be transformed into nanostructuredmaterials with improved luminescent properties. For instance, enriching volcanic rocks with FeO can significantly alter their optical characteristics, potentially boosting their effectiveness in luminescent solar concentrators and other optoelectronic devices. The goal of this research is to evaluate whether nanoparticles derived from volcanicrock in the Lichadonisia Island region of Greece possess sufficient luminescent properties for use in the development of inorganic materials for luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs). The process begins with transforming the volcanic rock into nanostructures through high-speed milling. Subsequently, FeO nanoparticles are synthesized at room temperature using only ferric chloride, citric acid and ammonium hydroxide. In this synthesis, citric acid functions as both a complexing agent and a mild reducing agent, while ammonium hydroxide facilitates the formation of FeO nanoparticles. By investigating the unique properties of these volcanic rock-derived materials, especially when modified with FeO, this research aims to contribute to advancements in highly efficient solar energy technologies. 2. Materials and Experimental Procedures 2.1. Preparation of luminescent nanostructures from volcanic rock Method for transforming volcanic rock into nanostructured material and enhancing its luminescent properties in summary is presented on Fig. 1. Volcanic rock samples were collected offshore near Lichadonisia Island in Greece. The collected volcanic rock was processed using high-speed mills to produce nanostructured material. High-speed milling involves the mechanical grinding of materials, resulting in particle size reduction to the nanoscale. To enhance the luminescent properties of the nanostructured material, FeO nanoparticles were deposited onto its surface from an FeCl3 solution through the formation of a transient complex with citric acid. The FeCl3 solution was prepared by dissolving 5 g of FeCl3 in 100 mL of deionized water, with stirring until fully dissolved. Subsequently, 1 g of volcanic rock nanopowder was added to this solution. A 0.1 M citric acid solution was prepared by dissolving 2.1 g of citric acid in 100 mL of deionized water. The citric acid solution was then slowly added to the FeCl3 solution while stirring continuously for 30 minutes to ensure thorough mixing and complex formation between Fe3+ ions and citric acid.
  3. D. Milojkov et al.,/Science of Sintering, 57(2025)131-143___________________________________________________________________________133Ammonium hydroxide solution was gradually added to the FeCl3-citric acid mixture while monitoring the pH, which was adjusted to approximately 7 to 8. This adjustment facilitated the precipitation of iron hydroxides, which were then converted into FeO. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 24 hours. Citric acid partially reduced Fe3+ to Fe2+, and ammonium hydroxide aided in the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles. After completion of the reaction, the suspension was filtered to separate the nanoparticles from the solution. The nanoparticles were washed with deionized water several times to remove residual reactants and byproducts. They were then dried at a temperature of 100°C. The obtained samples were labeled as VR (volcanic rock) and VR-FeO (volcanic rock FeO modifide), and were subsequently characterized. Fig. 1. Shem of transforming volcano rock into luminescent nanostructures. 2.2. Characterisation of luminescent nanostructures X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine and monitor the phase compositionof the samples. The samples were analyzed on a "PHILIPS" X-ray diffractometer, model PW-1710, with a curved graphite monochromator and a scintillation counter. The intensities of diffracted CuK X-ray radiation (=1.54178 Å) were measured at room temperature in intervals of 0,02 2 and time of 1 s, and in the range from 4  to 65 2. The X-ray tube was loaded with a voltage of 40 kV and a current of 30 mA, while the slits for directing the primary and diffracted beams were 1 and 0.1 mm. FTIR analysis was performed on a Thermo Fisher Scientific Nicolet IS-50 device. Recording was done with the ATR (Attenuated Total Reflectance) technique in the rangefrom 4000 to 400 cm-1 and 32 scans at resolution 2. After the measurement was completed, baseline corrections were made, atmospheric (to eliminate CO2 and H2O gas signals) correction. Characterization of morphology of nanostructures was done on field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, JEOL JSM 7001F) at room temperature with anacceleration voltage of 20 kV and probe current 10 nA. Elemental analyzes and mapping was done with the OXFORD instrument Xplore 15. The fluorescence performance of the samples was characterized using a Photoluminescence spectrophotometer, specifically the Horiba JovinYvon Fluoromax 4 TCSPC model. All measurements were conducted at room temperature within a wavelength range of 400–600 nm. Excitation and emission spectra were obtained with an integration time
  4. D. Milojkov et al.,/Science of Sintering, 57(2025)131-143___________________________________________________________________________134of 0.1 s and 1 nm slits. A series of emission spectra were collected for each compound by excitation at different wavelengths, spanning from 330 to 390 nm with a 5 nm increment. In total, 11 spectra were recorded for each sample. To extract crucial information regarding the number of components present and their respective emission and excitation profiles, Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) analysis was employed. This method facilitated the decomposition of complex spectra into their underlying components. The excitation-emission matrices were further analyzed using The Unscramble software package from Camo ASA, allowing for comprehensive examination and interpretation of the obtained fluorescence data. 3. Results and Discussion Utilizing volcanic rock as a starting material for nanostructured luminescent active centers in solar concentrators presents numerous advantages, including abundant availability, potential cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, the distinctive properties inherent to volcanic rock-derived materials could catalyze the development of advanced and highly efficient solar energy technologies. Volcanic rocks exhibit diverse mineral compositions influenced by factors including volcano type (e.g., shield volcano, stratovolcano), magma differentiation, and geologicalprocesses like hydrothermal alteration [11]. Notably, volcanic rocks formed underwater during submarine volcanic eruptions possess distinct characteristics shaped by interactions between magma and seawater, distinguishing them from their terrestrial counterparts [2]. Fig. 2. XRD (X-ray diffraction) spectrum of nanostructures produced from volcanic rock VR (a) and VR-FeO nanostructures modified with FeO (b).
  5. D. Milojkov et al.,/Science of Sintering, 57(2025)131-143___________________________________________________________________________135Fig. 3. FTIR spectrum of volcano rock nanostructures and as-synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles modified (a). A detailed study of the region with Fe-O vibrations (b). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was employed to determine the mineralogical composition of the volcanic rock samples. In the case of sample VR, plagioclase, K-feldspar, and quartz were identified as primary minerals, with plagioclase being predominant, followed by K-feldspar and quartz. Similarly, sample VR-FeO displayed the presence of plagioclase, K-feldspar, and quartz, with an additional observation that FeO precipitates were amorphous, lacking distinct diffraction peaks. When FeO nanoparticles are synthesized at room temperature, the particles typically exhibit poor crystallinity. This issue arises because the lower temperature conditions often lead to incomplete crystallization and disordered structures in the synthesized nanoparticles [12]. Also, there is a possibility that Fe2+ ions replace Ca2+ ions in the structure of plagioclase [13]. This could mean that FeO is incorporated into the structure in a way that does not disrupt the existing lattice significantly or that it forms a solid solution with the existing minerals [14]. In solid solutions, the atoms of FeO are integrated into the lattice of the host mineral, causing only subtle changes in the XRD pattern that may not be easily detectable. Considering that the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of volcanic rock with and without FeO modification show no significant differences, it suggests that the crystal structure of the volcanic rock is largely preserved despite the FeO modification. XRD spectra of the nanostructures derived from volcanic rock exhibited characteristic diffraction peaks corresponding to crystalline minerals present in the parent rock. Quartz (SiO2), commonly found in volcanic rocks, typically manifests peaks at 2θ angles approximately 20.8°, 26.7°, and 50.5° [15, 16]. Plagioclase feldspar demonstrates peaks
  6. D. Milojkov et al.,/Science of Sintering, 57(2025)131-143___________________________________________________________________________136around 28.4°, 47.4°, and 65.1° [15, 16], whereas orthoclase feldspar peaks are observed near 28.1°, 50.1°, and 56.5° [17]. FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) spectra of nanostructures derived from volcanic rock, as illustrated in Fig. 3a, reveal distinctive absorption bands corresponding to the minerals present in the rock matrix. FTIR spectroscopy of nanostructures formed from volcanic rock provides valuable insights into their mineralogical composition and structural characteristics. Volcanic rocks are primarily composed of silicate minerals, which exhibit characteristic absorption bands in specific spectral Si-O stretching region. The Si-O stretching region typically observed between 1000-1200 cm-1, displays strong absorption bands attributed to the stretching vibrations of Si-O bonds in various silicate minerals [15, 16]. This region often shows multiple peaks due to the diverse types of Si-O bonds present in different minerals within volcanic rock. A smaller peak observed at 1500 cm-1 is attributed to the Si-O-Al vibrations, but research also links this peak to the formation of aluminum oxide fragments in aluminosilicate structures [18, 19]. Interestingly, after modification, this peak diminishes, suggesting acid dealumination has occurred, altering the chemical environment of aluminum in the nanoparticles. Also, this may indicate that Fe-O modifications occurred, potentially forming new phases that do not exhibit the same vibration. In the 500-900 cm-1 range, absorption bands correspond to stretching vibrations of Al-O bonds, predominantly found in feldspars and clay minerals commonly occurring in volcanic rocks [18]. These bands provide further characterization of the mineral composition and structural features of nanostructures derived from volcanic rock. In detailed Figure 3b, the peaks at 538 and 573 cm-1 in pure volcano rock sample are related to vibrations of silicate or aluminosilicate structures within the volcanic rock [20]. The appearance of well-defined peaks at 447, 536 and 571 cm⁻¹ confirms the presence of iron-oxygen (Fe-O) bonds in the modifide volcano rock sample, indicating that the synthesized nanoparticles are primarily composed of iron oxide [21]. Moreover, absorption bands in the region of 3000-3600 cm-1 indicate the presence of water (H-O-H) or hydroxyl (O-H) groups. These bands can arise from hydrated minerals or structural water within the rock matrix and are typically broad and less intense compared to the bands associated with silicate and aluminum-oxygen bonds. Additionally, peaks at 1631cm-1 and 3431 cm-1 are assigned to the bending vibration of absorbed water and the stretching mode of surface hydroxyl groups (OH), respectively [22]. These observations further support the characterization of the nanoparticles, indicating the presence of water and hydroxyl groups on the nanoparticle surfaces. Analysis of the nanostructure derived from volcanic rock using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) yields high-resolution images that elucidate the detailed microstructure and mineralogical composition of the rock. Fig. 4 illustrates these findings, showcasing different magnifications that reveal distinct features. At lower magnification (Fig. 4a), plate-like nanostructures approximately 100 nm in size are prominently observed, providing insights into the morphology of the volcanic rock-derived nanostructures. These plate-like structures likely correspond to the mineral phases present in the volcanic rock, reflecting their natural formation and crystalline arrangement. According to XRD studies, the most prevalent minerals in volcanic rocks are plagioclase and feldspar. Plagioclase often forms thin nanocristals in the form of plates (columnar or layered), while feldspar exhibit nanocristalline structures that can be either regular or irregular prisms (columnar or plate-like) [23]. In contrast, Figure 4b depicts FeO-modified nanostructures, where additional FeO nanostructures are visible on the surface of the volcanic rock. This modification introduces new features and textures, indicating the deposition of iron oxide (FeO) nanoparticles onto the volcanic rock nanostructure. The presence of these FeO nanostructures alters the surface
  7. D. Milojkov et al.,/Science of Sintering, 57(2025)131-143___________________________________________________________________________137morphology and potentially enhances the functional properties of the volcanic rock-derived materials. Overall, FESEM analysis underscores the capability to explore and characterize nanostructures derived from volcanic rock, providing valuable insights into their morphology, composition, and surface modifications. These observations are crucial for advancing the understanding and utilization of volcanic rock-based materials in various technologicalapplications. Fig. 4. FESEM of morphology of synthetized nanostructures from volcano rock (a) and from volcano rock modified with FeO (b). Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of nanostructures derived from volcanic rock provides crucial insights into the elemental composition of minerals and the overall rock matrix. Fig. 5 presents EDS results, highlighting significant differences between the initial volcanic rock sample and the modified rock nanostructures. Fig. 5. EDS mapping of synthetized nanostructures from volcano rock (a) and from volcano rock modified with FeO (b).
  8. D. Milojkov et al.,/Science of Sintering, 57(2025)131-143___________________________________________________________________________138 In Fig. 5a, the EDS spectrum of the initial sample reveals the presence of elements characteristic of volcanic rocks, including silicon (Si), oxygen (O), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K). Additionally, metallic elements such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and titanium (Ti) are also detected. These elements are inherent to the mineralogical composition of volcanic rocks and reflect their geological origin and diversity [24]. Fig. 5b depicts the EDS spectrum of the modified volcanic rock, highlighting zones with increased concentrations of iron (Fe). This observation suggests the deposition or enhancement of iron-containing phases, potentially iron oxide (FeO), on the surface or within the nanostructure of the volcanic rock. Despite the modification, all elements characteristic of the initial volcanic rock sample remain detectable, indicating the preservation of the elemental composition while introducing localized changes due to the modification process. Overall, EDS analysis provides detailed elemental mapping and quantitative data, offering valuable information on the chemical composition and structural alterations of volcanic rock-derived nanostructures. These findings are instrumental in understanding and optimizing the utilization of volcanic rock materials for advanced solar technology applications. The increase in FeO concentration is further confirmed and quantified in Table 1, which presents the oxide-formula concentrations of elements derived from Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) measurements. Table I provides a comparative analysis between the initial volcanic rock sample and the modified rock nanostructures, emphasizing the changes in elemental composition due to the modification process. In the initial sample (Table I, row for initial volcanic rock), the concentrations of elements expressed as oxides include silicon dioxide (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), calcium oxide (CaO), sodium oxide (Na2O), magnesium oxide (MgO), potassium oxide (K2O), iron oxide (FeO), manganese oxide (MnO), and titanium dioxide (TiO2). These elements are typical constituents of volcanic rocks and reflect their mineralogical diversity and geological origin [24]. In contrast, the modified volcanic rock sample (Table I, row for modified rock) shows an increased concentration of iron oxide (FeO), confirming the deposition or enhancement of iron-containing phases on or within the volcanic rock nanostructures. This increase in FeO content aligns with the EDS analysis findings (Fig. 5b), indicating localized changes due to the modification process while retaining the elemental composition of the volcanic rock matrix. Tab. I EDS oxides content in VR and VR-FeO samples. Oxide contentSampleVRVR-FeOOxide % Oxide % Na2O 3.89 2.59 MgO 5.50 14.64 Al2O318.29 15.06 SiO251.39 43.79 K2O 2.92 1.16 CaO 9.49 10.84 TiO21.03 2.32 MnO 0.10 0.22 FeO 7.02 9.39 Total 100 100
  9. D. Milojkov et al.,/Science of Sintering, 57(2025)131-143___________________________________________________________________________139 Overall, Table I serves as a quantitative representation of the elemental concentrations in oxide form, validating the chemical alterations induced by the modification of volcanic rock-derived nanostructures. These results are crucial for understanding the impact of modification processes on elemental distribution and for optimizing the use of volcanic rock materials in various technological applications. Fig. 6. Luminescence counter maps of synthesized nanostructures from volcano rock (a) and from volcano rock modified with FeO (b). Luminescence spectra of volcanic rock are known to be complex and heterogeneous due to the diverse mineralogy and geological history of these rocks. Detailed photoluminescence spectroscopic analysis is crucial for identifying and interpreting the luminescence features observed in nanostructured volcanic rock samples, as presented in Fig. 6. Volcanic minerals, such as certain types of feldspar, exhibit luminescence under UV or visible light excitation, contributing to the complexity of the emission spectrum. These minerals may generate broad bands or distinct peaks across wavelengths ranging from UV to visible regions. For instance, quartz commonly exhibits luminescence peaks around 380-450 nm, while feldspar, including plagioclase, shows emissions typically in the range of 400-600nm [25]. Furthermore, luminescence emissions can arise from trace elements or impurities within the rock matrix. Transition metal ions such as manganese (Mn) or iron (Fe) are known to contribute to spectral features in the visible range due to their luminescent properties. Structural defects or lattice imperfections in minerals can also induce luminescence by
  10. D. Milojkov et al.,/Science of Sintering, 57(2025)131-143___________________________________________________________________________140creating energy states within the crystal lattice that emit photons upon relaxation, thereby influencing the observed luminescence characteristics [26]. Fig. 6a illustrates that nanostructures derived from volcanic rock predominantlydisplay broad luminescence between 400 and 600 nm, primarily attributed to luminescence from feldspar plagioclase. Upon addition of FeO (Fig. 6b), an increase in luminescenceintensity is observed, accompanied by an additional peak around 420 nm. This enhancement suggests a modification effect where FeO influences the luminescence properties of the volcanic rock nanostructures. Fig. 7. Statistical analyses of luminescence maps of synthetized nanostructures from volcanic roc (a) and from volcano rock modified with FeO (b). Fig. 7 presents the emission and excitation profiles of volcanic rock samples analyzed using Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS). For the pure volcanic rock nanostructures, two distinct components are identified with emission maxima around 410 nm and 470 nm. Component 1’s intensity decreases as the excitation wavelength exceeds 370 nm, indicating a quenching effect, while Component 2 remains stable up to this excitation wavelength. In contrast, the FeO-enriched volcanic rock sample exhibits emission peaks at approximately 425 nm and 450 nm. Both components in this sample show a significant increase in intensity with excitation wavelengths up to around 375 nm before decreasing. This increased photon concentration in the FeO-enriched sample reflects an enhanced luminescent response compared to the pure volcanic rock nanostructures. Such improvements in photon intensity and excitation response suggest that the FeO-enrichedvolcanic rock nanostructures could significantly boost the efficiency of luminescent solar concentrators, making it a more effective material for capturing and converting light. Overall, the complex luminescence spectra of volcanic rock reflect its diverse mineral composition and geological variability. The increased photon concentration and enhanced excitation response in FeO-enriched volcanic rock nanostructures suggest that they could significantly improve the efficiency of luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs). The enhanced luminescence and photon conversion capabilities make these materials promising for more effective light capture and conversion in solar energy applications.
  11. D. Milojkov et al.,/Science of Sintering, 57(2025)131-143___________________________________________________________________________1414. Conclusion The research presented in this study addresses the pressing need for environmentally sustainable materials with robust chemical and optical properties, especially in the context of urban energy systems. The study focuses on producing luminescent nanoparticles derived from volcanic rock samples sourced from the Lichadonisia island region of Greece. These nanoparticles serve as active centers capable of efficiently absorbing sunlight and converting it into longer wavelengths, making them suitable for application in luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs). Through a series of processing steps involving grinding the volcanic stone and inducing nanostructure formation, combined with enrichment using FeO nanoparticles, the luminescent properties of the material successfully enhanced. Characterization techniques such as XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and EDS provided valuable insights into the crystalline nature of volcanic rocks and the presence of FeO in an amorphous state. FTIR analysis confirmed the characteristic peaks of volcanic rocks alongside additional vibrations attributable to FeO, while FESEM-EDS observations revealed the plate-likestructure of nanoparticles with FeO nanoforms evident on modified surfaces. Further assessment of luminescence properties using PLE-PL spectroscopy demonstrated luminescence at 470 nm for pure nanostructures and an enhanced intensity with an additional peak at approximately 425 nm for FeO-enriched nanostructures. The FeO-enriched volcanic rock samples exhibit superior luminescent properties compared to the pure volcanic rock nanostructures. The enhanced emission peaks and increased intensity with excitation wavelengths in the FeO-enriched samples indicate that FeO significantly boosts the luminescent response. These findings suggest that the resulting nanostructures holdsignificant promise for integration into eco-friendly luminescent solar concentrators, offering potential applications in windows and facades for sustainable architectural designs. Overall, this research contributes valuable insights into the development of novel materials for renewable energy technologies, with implications for advancing urban sustainability efforts. Acknowledgments The authors gratefully appreciate support from the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (Contract No.: 451-03-66/2024–03/200023; 451-03-66/2024-03/200053). ORCID numbers: Dušan Milojkov, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0746-4185Miroslav Sokić, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4468-9503Gvozden Jovanović, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-2230Mladen Bugarčić, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6119-4414Nikola Vuković, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3607-5907Jovica Stojanović, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2752-6374Dragosav Mutavdžić, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3728-50495. References1.Bas, M. L., Maitre, R. L., Streckeisen, A., Zanettin, B. (1986). A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali-silica diagram. Journal of Petrology, 27(3) 745–750. 2.Schmincke, H.-U. Volcanism. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, (2004).
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